Visit your favourite destinations

Mammals and Birds recorded in Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Bolivia,

Joe Tobias and Nat Seddon, October-December 2002

131 Catharine Street, Cambridge CB1 3AP, UK

joetobias22@hotmail.com

Itinerary

Bus from Santa Cruz to La Mechita: 24-25 October
La Florida: briefly on 26 October and 29 November.
Los Fierros: 27-29 October; 03-05 November; 19-24 November.
El Encanto: 30 October-02 November; 25-28 November.
Huanchaca II: 06-17 November.
La Laja: 18 November; 21 November
Piso Firme: 30 November-02 December
River trip between Piso Firme and Flor de Oro: 03 December
Flor de Oro: 04-07 December
Lago Caiman: 08-15 December
Transit by air to Santa Cruz: 16 December

Notes on Sites

La Mechita: a few roadside shacks between San Ignacio and Piso Firme, surrounded by partially logged forest. This is where people travelling by bus from Santa Cruz need to disembark and await pick-up by the park vehicle from La Florida. There are cheap rooms for rent here if you have plenty of time and want to bird the area for a morning or two

La Florida: about one and a half hour's drive from La Mechita, this is a small village on the banks of the Río Paragua near which the administrative buildings for the southern sector of Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado (PNNKM) are situated. There are cheap rustic lodgings in the village for travellers and it is possible to spend a couple of days in the area birding along the river and nearby roads. This is certainly a cheaper alternative to Los Fierros and most species will be shared between the sites. Los Fierros (and beyond) is of course much better for mammals as the people of La Florida are avid hunters. If you are visiting Los Fierros, El Encanto, Huanchaca II etc., it is necessary to pick up a guide from La Florida who you must feed throughout and pay 10 dollars daily. The guides are pretty good, although know little about birds and speak no English. We can recommend Juan (older and genteel, with a hunter's knowledge of animals) and Leon (younger and fitter), both very helpful.

Los Fierros: This is the main base for visitors to the southern sector of the park. Several rooms with showers go for between 20 and 40 dollars a night. Because of this price many people camp, or at least try to until they realise the severity of the insect problem (various ants and termites are a nuisance to tents, mosquitoes and bees are quite common seasonally). Management here is a bit slack and campers are regularly allowed into some of the more shabby rooms for free. If travelling independently, you need to bring all your food; there is a well equipped if slightly grubby kitchen.

At Los Fierros there are only limited options: the road that returns to La Florida, the road to the pampa, and two short trails. The best of these is a loop that begins directly opposite the wecome-to-Los Fierros sign, over on the other side of the airstrip (we call this the airstrip trail). Another leads to the right c.700 m along the road to the pampa. This road leads through 3 km of forest before reaching the pampa, and is good for birds along its length. After 10 km of pampa, the road forks into two. The right-hand fork leads to El Encanto, the left to La Laja.

El Encanto: The impressive waterfall called El Encanto lies c.45 km drom Los Fierros, but the track ceases to be driveable c.5 km before the falls. At this point there is a stream with drinkable water and two open sided "cabañas", one for tents and another designed for cooking over wood fires: ideal for camping. The forest between this camp and the waterfall is mostly quite degraded (the camp was established for loggers), and becomes increasingly deciduous towards the base of the meseta. Back towards Los Fierros there is continuous semi-evergreen forest of varying quality: the first 2-3 kilimetres are again quite degraded, but after this there are some bands of high quality forest. The patchier forest was excellent for watching canopy flocks, and whole area seemed very rich in mammals. A total of seven hours night-walking or driving produced three tapirs, a great long-nosed armadillo and a margay, while daytimes produced sightings of both puma and jaguar.

La Laja: After the road forks left on the Los Fierros pampa, it first travels through high quality tall cerrado with scattered trees 2-3 kms, then it runs through a couple of bands of Heliconia-dominated semi-deciduous woodland, before the vegetation becomes taller and more humid. The road terminates after passing through c.4 kms of high quality evergreen forest, and a narrow path continues to the base of the meseta. Forest along this path is relatively degraded, becoming more deciduous as the slopes of the meseta are reached (a distance of c.4 km). A short way uphill there is an official campsite called La Laja (which means The Slab of Stone, an apt description of the place). There are no facilities here except for clean running water year-round in a small stream, and a flat space for tents. The term La Laja as used in text below refers to the c.10 km wide band of forest from the Heliconia-dominated habitat adjoining the Los Fierros pampa, to the deciduous forest around the La Laja campsite, and including the band of drier cerrado on slopes immediately above this campsite. I've subsequently learnt that the stretch of road and trail below La Laja is sometimes known as Los Españoles.

Huanchaca II: Continuing up from the La Laja campsite, the walls of the meseta can be scaled in less than an hour. From the summit, it is another c.2 hour walk across open campo (short grassland) to the forest fragment called Huanchaca II. Here, at the edge of forest, by a clearwater stream, there is a camp consisting of rustic tables and poles for running tarpaulin over, with flat ground beneath to camp on. There is also a covered area for fires and store-boxes. One trail leads to the "piscina," across a variety of high quality campo habitats, and another trail runs through the woodland. In text below, the term Huanchaca II refers to any location between the edge of the meseta and the forest fragment itself.

Piso Firme: This village stands on the banks of the lower Río Paragua and is reached by taking a narrow dirt track from La Florida. This track runs through the sticks. It holds its course for seven hours between two walls of trees with only one turn-off and a wooden shack called Pension Picaflor to break the monotony. If you haven't brought a 4-wheel drive vehicle from Santa Cruz or San Ignacio, it is possible to make this journey by renting out a park vehicle at Los Fierros/La Florida, or catching the once-weekly bus that runs through La Mechita north to Piso Firme, or hitch-hiking on a passing truck. The guards at Los Fierros can help work out your passage north.

Piso Firme itself is a tranquil place full of fishermen and washerwomen, with clean rooms for rent by the river (US$3/person/night for luxury version with showers; cheaper for the local version) and a PNNKM guard-station. It is a classic Amazonian village with the advantages of electricity and a rustic restaurant that will cook you delicious fresh river-fish any way you want it. It is possible to hire a boat for the c.5-hour journey to Flor de Oro (c.US$200, thus only viable for groups). Alternatively, Flor de Oro could be reached by waiting for the park supply boat to leave (much cheaper, but infrequent), or to wait for other river traffic heading that way (also infrequent, but lots of fun). There are trails in forest nearby if required, and boats or canoes can be rented for river exploration around Piso Firme. Ask at the restaurant or guard-station.

Flor de Oro: A luxury camp mostly visited by tour-groups. Rooms are US$40-80. It is possible to pick up your own food from the nearby town of Pimenteiras in Brazil, cook for yourself and camp, but this takes a bit of persuasion. Camino Norte (or the Swamp Loop) runs through a patch of seasonally flooded forest, and back through bushy cerrado. Camino Sur runs through riverine habitats and then enters a strip of reasonably tall forest adjacent to a bahia (oxbow lake). The third and final option is the trail that starts across the airstrip and runs through seasonally flooded cerrado to another small forest fragment (Isla de la Orquidea). The Bellavista and Paucerna guardposts are downriver on the Río Iténez, towards Piso Firme.

Lago Caiman (sometimes - e.g. on Sjoerd Mayer's CD-ROM - known as Andrew's Camp): During the wet season (usually Dec-March) or the early part of the dry season (April-August) this camp is fairly easy to reach by boat, being half an hour upstream of Flor de Oro to the lake entrance and then 15 minutes along the lake itself. During our visit, at the end of a long dry season, we needed to carry the boats across a 50 m desiccated section separating the lake from the main river, and then navigate through stretches of clogged water-hyacinth, making the journey 2 hours long and quite exhausting. Once at the camp there is a trail that returns to Flor de Oro (something like 12 km through forest, then 12 km through pampa, an 8-hour walk). There is also a trail that goes to the Mirador de los Monos, although this trail had fallen into disuse before our visit and was impassable (they open it at tour-group's request). There was once a house inhabited by researchers at Lago Caiman, but this has fallen down, and the camp is mostly defunct. The other way of reaching the Lago Caiman forests is to take the tractor from Flor de Oro across 12 km of pampa, and then walk towards Lago Caiman; this is the option taken by several tours lately. Immediately downstream of the point at which Lago Caiman debouches into the Río Iténez there is a short trail or two through seasonally flooded forest with open understorey. This looked a dead-ringer for Rusty-necked Piculet and we found it there with little trouble.

Highlights

Best of the birds were Grey-bellied Hawk, Lined Forest-falcon of the soon-to-be-split southern form, Dark-winged Trumpeter, Red-throated Piping-guan, Crimson-bellied Parakeet, Cinnamon-throated Hermit, Horned Sungem, Spotted Puffbird, Black-girdled Barbet, Red-necked Aracari, Gould's Toucanet, Rusty-necked Piculet, Uniform Woodcreeper, Dot-backed Antbird, Chapada Flycatcher, Helmeted Manakin, Flame-crested Manakin, Snow-capped Manakin, Tooth-billed Wren, Black-and-tawny Seedeater and Rose-breasted Chat.

Mammals were especially good with four sightings of Jaguar, one of Puma, one of Margay, one of Jaguarundi, three sightings of Tapir, one of Great long-nosed Armadillo, several encounters with tame groups of Giant Otters, and great views of both Pampas Deer and pink river dolphins (Botu).

Species Lists

The following inventories include all species (452 birds and 43 mammals) recorded within or very close to park boundaries. Time in the field was heavily weghted towards tall forest with relatively little time being spent in open/cerrado habitats (only two early mornings during the whole visit). For mammals, nomenclature and systematics follows Emmons and Feer (1997), while the bird list is based (with amendations) on the original Conservation International RAP list for the park (Bates et al. 1996).

Key:

[.]      = a note or a provisional record
(T)      = tape recorded

Mammals

WESTERN WOOLLY OPOSSUM Caluromys lanatus
3-4 seen (and photographed in mid-stratum) while night torching at El Encanto in tall semi-evergreen forest

COMMON GREY FOUR-EYED OPOSSUM Philander opossum
Two together c.300 m from Los Fierros lodge in vine-tangled mid-stratum of partially logged forest, 8 pm

COMMON OPOSSUM Didelphis marsupialis
3-4 seen around El Encanto camp at night in undergrowth and ground of disturbed forest

PYGMY SHORT-TAILED OPOSSUM Monodelphis kunsi
One seen at Flor de Oro on a path through regrowth dividing riparian woodland from cerrado grassland; this individual disappeared slowly down a small burrow when approached

MOUSE OPOSSUM sp. probably Marmosops dorothea
One individual watched scuttling through vines at head height near the El Encanto camp

SOUTHERN TAMANDUA Tamandua tetradactyla
One set of tracks seen on Camino Sur, Flor de Oro; others were seen at Los Fierros along the airstrip trail during our stay

GIANT ANTEATER Mymecophaga tridactyla
Claw marks, some very recent, seen in termite mounds near Huanchaca II. Our guide reported that out of 30-40 journeys to Huanchaca II he had twice seen this species in daylight from the trail through grassland

SILVERY MARMOSET Callithrix argentata [recent taxo changes?]
Often heard at Los Fierros and El Encanto, where about six groups were seen; heard twice at Lago Caiman (T)

[FELINE NIGHT MONKEY Aotus infulatus]
Calls of Aotus were occasionally heard in humid forests; one group of 3-5 seen over camp at Lago Caiman (8 pm) were probably this species, but possibly Azara's Night Monkey A. azarae

BROWN CAPUCHIN MONKEY Cebus apella
Fairly common (1-3 troops seen or heard most days) at all sites visited (T)

RED HOWLER MONKEY Alouatta seniculus
A pair (male and female) seen along Camino Sur, Flor de Oro

BLACK HOWLER MONKEY Alouatta caraya
Heard daily at Huanchaca II, with a family group seen once (T)

WHITE-BELLIED SPIDER MONKEY Ateles belzebuth
Scarce at Los Fierros, Huanchaca II and Flor de Oro (1-2 groups seen or heard almost daily), commoner at El Encanto, La Laja and Lago Caiman (2-4 groups seen or heard daily) (T)

KINKAJOU Potos flavus
3-4 seen or heard on night-walks at El Encanto (T)

CRAB-EATING RACCOON Procyon cancrivorous
Tracks seen at Los Fierros (forest edge and pampa, around puddles on the road), and at El Encanto

CRAB-EATING FOX Cerdocyon thous
Very common at night around the airstrip at Los Fierros and along the road across the pampa. Usually at least 1-2 seen per hour of night-walking, more while driving

MANED WOLF Chrysocyon brachyurus
One glimpsed briefly along the pampas road at Los Fierros (7 am), another seen coming for water at 4 pm at an arroyo within Huanchaca II forest. Tracks and scats were commonly encountered along the road across the Los Fierros pampa. Probably the best way to see this animal is to be out on the pampa road from 4 pm until dusk, or between 5 am and 6 am, especially when puddles have collected on this road after rain attracting the thirsty wolf. Patience required. On more than one occasion we walked out across the pampa at 5 pm and back at 6.30 to find fresh wolf tracks or wolf turds laid thoughtfully in our footprints

TAYRA Eira barbara
One seen on the road near Los Fierros, another seen up a tree at Huanchaca II

GIANT OTTER Pteronura brasiliensis
One group of 7 from Camino Sur at the first bahia (oxbow) south of Flor de Oro; 1-4 individuals were also seen from camp at Lago Caiman on three occasions (T)

JAGUARUNDI Herpailurus yaguaroundi
One seen well along the pampa road at Los Fierros in daylight (5 pm); tracks regularly seen around puddles on the same road

MARGAY Leopardus wiedii
One seen extremely well (it eventually sniffed one of our calves before it realised its error and bounded away) on a night-walk at El Encanto (7.30 pm). Identification was confirmed by comparing pardalis with wiedii alongside each other at Santa Cruz zoo; the latter is slighter, with smaller head, larger eyes and longer tail

[OCELOT Leopardus pardalis]
Tracks of medium-sized cats (pugs about twice the size of Jaguarundi tracks, and therefore presumably made by ocelots) were seen twice at Los Fierros, once in forest and once in pampa

PUMA Puma concolor
2-3 sets of tracks seen at Los Fierros and one individual seen at the stream near El Encanto camp (4 pm)

JAGUAR Panthera onca
Four seen: one male briefly at the dry arroyo at the far end of the pampa road towards El Encanto (6 am), one (probably female) on the road near Los Fierros lodge (8 am), one at wonderfully close range on the road near El Encanto (8 am) and one near the end of the airstrip at Flor do Oro (4 pm). Many tracks throughout, except Huanchaca II

GREY BROCKET DEER Mazama gouazoubira
One seen well on the road near Los Fierros (9 am)

RED BROCKET DEER Mazama americana
Total of around 10 seen at day and night, at both Los Fierros and El Encanto

PAMPAS DEER Ozotoceros bezoarcticus
One female seen twice (5 pm and 6 am) in grassland c.6 km east of Huanchaca II, and another female and young male seen from the track between La Laja and Huanchaca II, c.1 km from the edge of the meseta at 5 pm

CAPYBARA Hydrochaeris hrdrochaeris
One dead individual seen floating downriver on the Iténez, one seen at Piso Firme, tracks seen at Flor de Oro

WHITE-LIPPED PECCARY Tayassu pecari
One large troop heard near El Encanto camp, and a troop of around 40 seen near El Encanto waterfall; other troops were heard at Flor de Oro (Camino Sur), and recorded by smell on one occasion and tracks on another at Lago Caiman

COLLARED PECCARY Tayassu tajacu
One individual seen at Lago Caiman (aromatically identifiable from the above species)

BRAZILIAN TAPIR Tapirus terrestris
Four seen well: one at close range while night-walking at El Encanto (9 pm), then prolonged views of one in daylight on the road between Los Fierros and La Florida (8 am), and finally a large male and a smaller individual seen from a vehicle while driving to El Encanto for our second visit (9 pm). Others were regularly heard crashing through undergrowth (at least one at Los Fierros, several more at El Encanto and Lago Caiman). Tracks were seen at many locations including Flor de Oro and Huanchaca II where this species ranges far out along gallery forests and open pampa

SOUTHERN AMAZONIAN RED SQUIRREL Sciurus spadiceus
Fairly common (1-3 seen or heard almost daily) at all forested sites visited, including Huanchaca II (T)

GUINEA PIG Cavia aperea
Commonly encountered along the cerrado road, particularly at dawn or dusk

LARGE SPINY RAT Proechimys longicaudatus
One seen well on forest floor beside Camino Norte, Flor de Oro

BICOLOURED ARBOREAL RICE RAT Oecomys bicolor
Two individuals living in the roof of the "cabaña" at El Encanto camp, another (probably this species) seen along the road nearby

AMAZON BAMBOO RAT Dactylomys dactylinus
Heard occasionally at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman

PACA Agouti paca
Seen regularly at night around Los Fierros camp and along logging roads nearby

[BROWN AGOUTI Dasyprocta variegata]
At least one agouti seen near Los Fierros camp seemed to be this species rather than the next

AZARA'S AGOUTI Dasyprocta azarae
Remarkably common around Los Fierros and often seen along roads here, and at El Encanto. Seemed absent from Huanchaca II and scarce at sites in the north of the park

NINE-BANDED LONG-NOSED ARMADILLO Dasypus novemcinctus
Diggings seen regularly, and one individual bumped into one of our bike wheels along the road near Los Fierros (7 pm)

GREAT LONG-NOSED ARMADILLO Dasypus kappleri
This impressive beast was seen extremely well as it hoovered around in roadside leaf-litter at El Encanto (8 pm)

GIANT ARMADILLO Priodontes maximus
A few diggings were seen in cerrado near Los Fierros and Huanchaca II, but this species seemed particularly common around Flor de Oro where we spent a few nights on the trails failing to find one

BOTO Inia geoffrensis
Up to 4 relatively tame river-dolphins regularly swam around the waterfront at Piso Firme (sometimes only metres from the busy bank and giving very good views in clear water below the wooden riverside lookout). A few singles were seen briefly on the Bajo Paragua and Iténez rivers when travelling by boat between Piso Firme and Flor de Oro.

Birds

GREATER RHEA Rhea americana
One from the bus in open woodland near La Mechita

GREAT TINAMOU Tinamus major
Heard fairly frequently, especially at El Encanto and Lago Caiman. Never seen on the ground, but one was flushed at Los Fierros (T)

GREY TINAMOU Tinamus tao
Unusually common and easy to see. Heard occasionally at Los Fierros where one seen well along the airstrip trail; commonly heard at El Encanto (4 seen), La Laja, Huanchaca II (c.6 seen, including 2 before dawn roosting side-by-side in mid-stratum) and Lago Caiman (3 seen) (T)

WHITE-THROATED TINAMOU Tinamus guttatus
Only one heard at Lago Caiman

CINEREOUS TINAMOU Crypturellus cinereus
Heard infrequently (once every c.2 days) and seen once at Los Fierros, more commonly nearer the plateau at El Encanto and La Laja (2-6 daily). Also heard daily at Lago Caiman, where one individual was again seen (T)

BROWN TINAMOU Crypturellus obsoletus
Heard on three occasions at El Encanto, mostly at edge of deciduous forest where two individuals were seen

SMALL-BILLED TINAMOU Crypturellus parvirostris
Seen on the Los Fierros pampa road and on two occasions near Huanchaca II. Heard frequently in scrubby or grassland areas, including Flor de Oro (T)

LITTLE TINAMOU Crypturellus soui
Commonly seen or heard at all forest sites visited (3-10 daily), including Huanchaca II where a nest with two eggs was found (T)

BRAZILIAN TINAMOU Crypturellus strigulosus
Fairly commonly heard at Los Fierros (1-2 most days), and more frequently at El Encanto, La Laja and Lago Caiman (3-6 daily). Two males were seen at Los Fierros and a distinctive female at El Encanto (T)

TATAUPA TINAMOU Crypturellus tataupa
1-2 heard near La Laja camp in deciduous woodland; one seen well (red legs and long, decurved, almost rail-like red bill) in deciduous woodland near El Encanto waterfall (first records within the park)

UNDULATED TINAMOU Crypturellus undulatus
Heard infrequently in deciduous woodland near the meseta at El Encanto and La Laja (1-3 most days), more commonly in deciduous woodland abutting pampa on the La Laja road, and often heard at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (5-10 daily) (T)

RED-WINGED TINAMOU Rhynchotus rufescens
Heard all day and every day around Huanchaca II; about 7 individuals were flushed from grassland during our stay (T)

NEOTROPIC CORMORANT Phalacrocorax brasilianus
Small numbers seen around La Florida, Piso Firme and Flor de Oro. More impressive was a tight flock of around 700 individuals on the Bajo Paragua below Piso Firme.

ANHINGA Anhinga anhinga
Small numbers at La Florida, Piso Firme, Flor de Oro, Lago Caiman and intervening rivers.

RUFESCENT TIGER-HERON Tigrisoma lineatum
c.10 seen along the Bajo Paragua and Iténez rivers between Piso Firme and Flor de Oro. Also one at Flor de Oro and one at Lago Caiman.

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON Nycticorax nycticorax
1-2 individuals heard on two evenings at Lago Caiman

BOAT-BILLED HERON Cochlearius cochlearius
One feeding at a puddle on the road between La Mechita and La Florida, and one flushed from a daytime roost in seasonally flooded forest at the banks of the Iténez near Lago Caiman

CAPPED HERON Pilherodius pileatus
A few seen between Piso Firme and Lago Caiman on the Paragua and Iténez rivers

CATTLE EGRET Bubulcus ibis
A flock of c.20 visited Los Fierros on two days. Others were seen around Piso Firme and a roost of c.200 was seen near Flor de Oro

STRIATED HERON Butorides striatus
Fairly common at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro, Lago Caiman and along intervening rivers

SNOWY EGRET Egretta thula
Small numbers seen at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and along intervening rivers

GREAT EGRET Casmerodius albus
Small numbers at Piso Firme and Flor de Oro, with c.10 along intervening rivers. One at Lago Caiman.

COCOI HERON Ardea cocoi
Fairly common along the Bajo Paragua and Iténez rivers between Piso Firme and Flor de Oro. Several regularly at Lago Caiman

WOOD STORK Mycteria americana
Groups of 5-7 flew over Los Fierros lodge on two days. Others or the same were seen roosting in trees out on Los Fierros pampa one morning. Small numbers also seen in flight at Piso Firme

JABIRU Jabiru mycteria
Two adults seen on the Bajo Paragua below Piso Firme

GREEN IBIS Mesembrinibis cayennensis
c.5 at Piso Firme, c.25 on the river journey to Flor de Oro, regularly seen and heard in seasonally flooded forest and lake shores at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman

SOUTHERN SCREAMER Chauna torquata
Common along rivers and in oxbows from Piso Firme to Lago Caiman (T)

MUSCOVY DUCK Cairina moschata
c.5 around Piso Firme, c.15 on the river trip to Flor de Oro, daily at Flor de Oro, and 2-6 regularly at Lago Caiman.

TURKEY VULTURE Cathartes aura
Fairly common throughout

LESSER YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE Cathartes burrovianus
Only identified once: a single individual over the Los Fierros pampa

GREATER YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE Cathartes melambrotus
Very small numbers at Los Fierros, one seen below La Laja and daily at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman

BLACK VULTURE Coragyps atratus
Scarce at Los Fierros, commoner near the meseta (on whose cliffs it presumably breeds) at La Laja, El Encanto and Lago Caiman. Fairly common at Piso Firme and Flor de Oro.

KING VULTURE Sarcorhamphus papa
One adult over Los Fierros, 2-3 seen at El Encanto and La Laja, an adult and juvenile over Huanchaca II, one immature bird at Flor de Oro and two immatures above Lago Caiman

OSPREY Pandion haliaetus
3-4 on the Bajo Paragua and Iténez between Piso Firme and Flor de Oro. One individual seen twice at Lago Caiman

GREY-HEADED KITE Leptodon cayanensis
An individual calling (a repeated disyllable) from tree-tops near Los Fierros lodge on two occasions; another calling (with a repeated polysyllable) at Lago Caiman (T)

SWALLOW-TAILED KITE Elanoides forficatus
Small numbers throughout, but seemed commonest in the north, ie Piso Firme and Lago Caiman

SNAIL KITE Rostrhamus sociabilis
1 at a wetland near La Mechita; surprisingly, none along the Paragua and Iténez rivers, or at Flor de Oro or Lago Caiman

DOUBLE-TOOTHED KITE Harpagus bidentatus
One male seen at Los Fierros, two circling at El Encanto, one at La Laja

MISSISSIPPI KITE Ictinia mississippiensis
One incredible flock of around 500 migrating individuals seen near La Mechita (25 October); these birds were flushed by the bus from small trees surrounding a wetland

PLUMBEOUS KITE Ictinia plumbea
Regularly seen in small numbers (occasionally loose groups of up to 10) at all sites; one at nest near Flor de Oro (T)

CRANE HAWK Geranospiza caerulescens
One seen perched by the Río Iténez downriver from Flor de Oro

GREY-BELLIED HAWK Accipiter poliogaster
A pair attending a nest were found at Lago Caiman, 4 kms from camp on the trail to Flor de Oro; calls of this species (hitherto unknown according to Birds of Ecuador, Ridgely and Greenfield 2001) were tape-recorded (T)

TINY HAWK Accipiter superciliosus
Single female at Los Fierros

WHITE-BROWED HAWK Leucopternis kuhlii
One along the El Encanto road

SLATE-COLOURED HAWK Leucopternis schistacea
One individual drying out after rain on a treetop by the Río Iténez downstream from Flor de Oro

GREAT BLACK HAWK Buteogallus urubitinga
Two individuals seen along the Río Iténez near Flor de Oro

BLACK-COLLARED HAWK Busarellus nigricollis
Common along rivers and oxbows between Piso Firme and Flor de Oro

ROADSIDE HAWK Buteo magnirostris
2-3 seen at Los Fierros; much more common at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman, favouring riverside or lakeside habitat

GREY HAWK Asturina nitida
One on Los Fierros pampa, one by Los Fierros airstrip, another heard giving the two-note song near the airstrip road, a juvenile at Flor de Oro and an adult at Lago caiman (T)

WHITE-TAILED HAWK Buteo albicaudatus
Regular over cerrado near Huanchaca II; one on two occasions on the Los Fierros pampa (T)

BROAD-WINGED HAWK Buteo platypterus
One juvenile flying south over Huanchaca II; one adult seen well hunting at forest edge near the airstrip at Los Fierros

BLACK-AND-WHITE HAWK-EAGLE Spizastur melanoleucos
An adult circling over seasonally flooded forest by the Río Iténez, near the entrance to Lago Caiman

ORNATE HAWK-EAGLE Spizaetus ornatus
Several sightings at Los Fierros of adults and juveniles (a traditional nest is located along the airstrip); an adult was seen at a nest at La Laja, and adults were heard and seen displaying at El Encanto. The local guides or park guards often talk of Harpy or Harpia nests, at Los Fierros, La Laja and Flor de Oro; the three we visited were not occupied by Harpy Eagles Harpia harpyja, but Ornate Hawk-eagles (T)

RED-THROATED CARACARA Ibycter americanus
Scarce at Los Fierros (heard or seen once every 3-4 days), fairly common at El Encanto, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (heard or seen daily) (T)

BLACK CARACARA Daptrius ater
Small numbers (roughly a pair every day or two) regularly seen or heard at Los Fierros, Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

SOUTHERN CRESTED-CARACARA Polyborus plancus
One near La Mechita, several around Piso Firme and daily at Flor de Oro

YELLOW-HEADED CARACARA Milvago chimachima
1-3 most days in cerrado and grassland around Huanchaca II (T)

LAUGHING FALCON Herpetotheres cachinnans
Never seen, but 1-2 heard at dawn and dusk on many occasions at Los Fierros, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

BARRED FOREST-FALCON Micrastur ruficollis
Heard only at Los Fierros, and possibly at Huanchaca II

"LINED" FOREST-FALCON Micrastur "gilvicollis"
One adult seen at close range near El Encanto camp (this form is apparently set to be elevated to full species as calls differ from true gilvicollis)­­; calls were often heard of this form near the airstrip trail at Los Fierros, but it was difficult to see in the dense forest (T)

APLOMADO FALCON Falco femoralis
Singles on two occasions at Los Fierros pampa and once near Flor de Oro lodge

BAT FALCON Falco rufigularis
Fairly common at all sites visited; a pair fledged three young at Los Fierros airstrip during our stay (T)

[ORANGE-BREASTED FALCON Falco deiroleucus]
A pair of falcons nesting on the cliffs beside El Encanto waterfall was possibly this species (although we still feel it was probably a Bat Falcon). They seemed slightly larger than Bat Falcons, with a slightly deeper call, but they nevertheless seemed very similar and we thought the call differences might have been caused by the natural amphitheatre (tall cliffs on three sides) affecting sound. The identification is left unconfirmed, especially as views were distant and brief before a bird disappeared onto the nest, never to return. F. deiroleucus has been reported nesting here previously

AMERICAN KESTREL Falco sparverius
One seen twice around the escarpment above La Laja

SPECKLED CHACHALACA Ortalis guttata
2-3 seen and 2 other groups heard at Lago Caiman

SPIX'S GUAN Penelope jacquacu
Fairly common (2­-8 seen or heard daily) at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja, Flor do Oro and Lago Caiman, but only encountered once at Huanchaca II (T)

RUSTY-MARGINED GUAN Penelope superciliaris
3-4 seen in deciduous woodland separating humid forest from pampa on the road to La Laja, including a pair on the road; commonest at Huanchaca II where encountered almost daily

RED-THROATED PIPING-GUAN Pipile cujubi
Common around camp at Los Fierros, although many birds here and at Flor de Oro had mixture of red and blue on wattle and were quite possibly hybrids. Birds with the reddest throats were a single at Huanchaca II and some at El Encanto (including a female with two newly fledged young) (T)

BLUE-THROATED PIPING-GUAN Pipile cumanensis
Of the many tame piping-guans around the camp at Los Fierros, only two had entirely blue throats. Calls and wing noises of these two forms seemed identical

RAZOR-BILLED CURASSOW Mitu tuberosa
Remarkably common by voice and sightings throughout the area. Rarest at Huanchaca II where only encountered twice, commonest at Los Fierros where up to 15 were seen in one day; groups of 1-5 were often encountered foraging on roads here, El Encanto and La Laja. Several were seen at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman, with tame birds at the latter site coming down for water at dusk by the lakeside (T)

MARBLED WOOD QUAIL Odontophorus gujanensis
Heard once at Los Fierros and once at El Encanto, with two groups singing at dusk near La Laja campsite. Commonest at Lago Caiman where up to three groups were heard each dawn, one group was called in using tape-playback, and two others were encountered along the trail (T)

LIMPKIN Aramus guarauna
Small numbers seen at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and along intervening rivers

DARK-WINGED TRUMPETER Psophia viridis
Two groups flushed along the trail to Flor de Oro from Lago Caiman, another individual coming to fallen fruit near Lago Caiman camp

ASH-THROATED CRAKE Porzana albicollis
1-2 heard calling in marshy areas near streams on the Huanchaca plateau

RUSSET-CROWNED CRAKE Laterallus viridis
One heard in regrowth at the camp end of Los Fierros airstrip, another seen at head-height in bushes close to Flor de Oro airstrip (T)

RUFOUS-SIDED CRAKE Laterallus melanophaius
Heard in marshy areas at Bellavista guardpost on the Río Iténez, and at oxbows near Flor de Oro

GREY-BREASTED CRAKE Laterallus exilis
One heard in riverside habitat opposite Piso Firme, another at Bellavista guardpost, and another at Flor de Oro (T)

OCELLATED CRAKE Micropygia schomburgkii
One seen flying over grassland near the ruined plane at Huanchaca II, another heard calling on Los Fierros pampa

AZURE GALLINULE Porphyrula flavirostris
Single individual seen in flight and standing in water hyacinths near the entrance to Lago Caiman

SUNGREBE Heliornis fulica
One at the river crossing at La Florida, several at Piso Firme (mostly in the channel opposite where we paddled a canoe), c.8 on the journey to Flor de Oro, and several more around Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman

SUNBITTERN Eurypyga helias
One on the road north from La Florida, one in the creek opposite Piso Firme and at least 10 on riverbanks between Piso Firme and Flor de Oro

RED-LEGGED SERIEMA Cariama cristata
Calls were heard from riverside grasslands c.4 km east of Huanchaca II

WATTLED JACANA Jacana jacana
Common at Piso Firme (even feeding on the town square), Flor de Oro, Lago Caiman and along intervening rivers

PIED LAPWING Vanellus cayanus
A few on sand-banks along the Bajo Paragua and Iténez rivers

SOUTHERN LAPWING Vanellus chilensis
A few at Piso Firme and along rivers from there to Flor de Oro, where it was conspicuous

SPOTTED SANDPIPER Actitis macularia
1 on the banks of the Río Iténez near Flor de Oro

LARGE-BILLED TERN Phaetusa simplex
One flew over Los Fierros lodge after a storm. Up to 50 regularly seen at Piso Firme, smaller numbers along the Bajo Paragua and Iténez rivers, and a few around Flor de Oro

YELLOW-BILLED TERN Sterna superciliaris
1-4 around Piso Firme and similar numbers on several exposed sandbanks along the Bajo Paragua and Iténez rivers

BLACK SKIMMER Rhynchops niger
c.30 on the journey between Piso Firme and Flor de Oro

PALE-VENTED PIGEON Columba cayennensis
Fairly common on the Los Fierros pamapa and around Huanchaca II; very common around Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

PLUMBEOUS PIGEON Columba plumbea
Common at Los Fierros, El Encanto and La Laja, scarce at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman. Not recorded at Huanchaca II (T)

SCALED PIGEON Columba speciosa
Common at Los Fierros, including out in the pampa, El Encanto, La Laja, regular at Huanchaca II, and fairly common at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

RUDDY PIGEON Columba subvinacea
Fairly common at Los Fierros, including out on the pampa, scarce in deciduous forest at El Encanto and La Laja, fairly common at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

PICUI GROUND-DOVE Columbina picui
2-3 on the Los Fierros pampa

RUDDY GROUND-DOVE Columbina talpacoti
Fairly common at Los Fierros pampa and a few at Piso Firme

BLUE GROUND-DOVE Claravis pretiosa
A few seen and many heard at most sites (2-8 daily), including Huanchaca II; seemed commonest at Flor de Oro (T)

GREY-FRONTED DOVE Leptotila rufaxilla
A few in tall forest at Los Fierros, but much commoner in deciduous forest at El Encanto and La Laja (including Heliconia dominated woodland dividing pampa from tall forest), and in riverine or lakeside habitat at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

RUDDY QUAIL-DOVE Geotrygon montana
Seemed fairly common at all forest sites: 5-12 were seen or heard daily at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja and Huanchaca II, but only 1-4 daily at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

BLUE-AND-YELLOW MACAW Ara ararauna
Up to 50 gathered around Los Fierros lodge, less common but present at all other forest sites. Several pairs breeding in riverside palms in cerrado/pampa on the Huanchaca plateau (these individuals either foraging in forest fragments on the plateau, or migrating each day down to the adjacent lowlands at dawn and back at dusk) (T)

SCARLET MACAW Ara macao
Two over forest at El Encanto, fairly common in riverine forest around Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

RED-AND-GREEN MACAW Ara chloroptera
Total of 5 seen in flight over Los Fierros airstrip, two over Piso Firme and frequent around Lago Caiman, especially in the evening when travelling to roost somewhere nearby

RED-BELLIED MACAW Ara manilata
Two pairs flew over Lago Caiman and came down in riverine habitat; distinctive calls of another pair were heard over forest nearby

CHESTNUT-FRONTED MACAW Ara severa
c.5 resident around Los Fierros clearing, others were seen or heard at El Encanto, Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

RED-SHOULDERED MACAW Ara nobilis
Fairly common in palm-dominated gallery forest along streams on the meseta, where pairs appeared to be nesting. Also seen occasionally perched on bushes far out into open campo

PEACH-FRONTED PARAKEET Aratinga aurea
Two flocks high over Los Fierros pampa, 3-4 flocks high over grasslands at Huanchaca II, and a regular flock of c.50 over the river from Piso Firme

WHITE-EYED PARAKEET Aratinga leucophthalmus
Only one flock of c.5 at Los Fierros, another at Huanchaca II, and another of c.12 over Lago Caiman

CRIMSON-BELLIED PARAKEET Pyrrhura perlata
Regularly seen or heard at Los Fierros, El Encanto and La Laja. Probably heard at Lago Caiman (T)

PAINTED PARAKEET Pyrrhura picta
3-4 flocks seen or heard around Lago Caiman

COBALT-WINGED PARAKEET Brotogeris cyanoptera
Only seen (2-3 small flocks of 4-10) around the Río Paragua near La Florida

YELLOW-CHEVRONED PARAKEET Brotogeris chiriri
5-40 daily at La Florida, Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

WHITE-BELLIED PARROT Pionites leucogaster
One small group heard in flight at Lago Caiman

BLUE-HEADED PARROT Pionus menstruus
Common to very common at all forested sites (T)

SCALY-HEADED PARROT Pionus maximiliani
Two small groups seen flying over Los Fierros pampa at dusk

TURQUOISE-FRONTED AMAZON Amazona aestiva
Regular flocks of up to 30 around Los Fierros lodge and out in the pampa (T)

ORANGE-WINGED AMAZON Amazona amazonica
One flock seen at dusk over Los Fierros pampa; many seen or heard in cerrado habitat or riverine/lakeside forest from Piso Firme to Lago Caiman (T)

MEALY AMAZON Amazona farinosa
Heard and seen once at Flor de Oro and twice at Lago Caiman (T)

YELLOW-CROWNED AMAZON Amazona ochrocephala
Fairly common around Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman, especially when flying to roost in evening (T)

SQUIRREL CUCKOO Piaya cayana
Fairly common at all forested sites, especially at edges or second growth (T)

BLACK-BELLIED CUCKOO Piaya melanogaster
One group of three on the airstrip trail at Los Fierros and one along the road from there to the pampa (T)

LITTLE CUCKOO Piaya minuta
3 seen or heard at Los Fierros, all in dense vegetation near the airstrip, with singles seen at Piso Firme and Flor de Oro

SMOOTH-BILLED ANI Crotophaga ani
Common at Los Fierros at forest edge and pampa, several seen along rivers near Huanchaca II, common at Piso Firme and Flor de Oro

GREATER ANI Crotophaga major
A few in the Los Fierros clearing (migrants?), and many around Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman

PHEASANT CUCKOO Dromococcyx phasianellus
Only one heard at Los Fierros, singing continuousy in daytime

GUIRA CUCKOO Guira guira
One group seen near La Mechita

HOATZIN Opisthocomus hoazin
Common from Piso Firme to Lago Caiman (T)

BARN OWL Tyto alba
One seen drinking from a pool in the road across Los Fierros pampa

TROPICAL SCREECH-OWL Otus choliba
Two individuals singing in deciduous gallery woodland near Huanchaca II, another was heard at the La Laja campsite

TAWNY-BELLIED SCREECH-OWL Otus watsonii
Heard most nights at Los Fierros (where seen once), also heard regularly at El Encanto and once at Lago Caiman (T)

CRESTED OWL Lophostrix cristata
1-3 heard most nights at Los Fierros and El Encanto (seen once at the latter), and heard once at Lago Caiman (T)

SPECTACLED OWL Pulsatrix perspicillata
Heard almost every night around Los Fierros lodge (seen without playback on one occasion), or along the road to the pampa (T)

FERRUGINOUS PYGMY-OWL Glaucidium brasilianum
Heard occasionally at Los Fierros, and around the La Laja campsite

BURROWING OWL Speotyto cunicularia
One with prey on the road at night near Piso Firme, another residing in a burrow half way along Flor de Oro airstrip

MOTTLED OWL Ciccaba virgata
Heard once or twice at Los Fierros, and a pair was heard several times around the El Encanto campsite

LONG-TAILED POTOO Nyctibius aethereus
One heard under a full moon at Los Fierros

GREAT POTOO Nyctibius grandis
Regularly heard at Los Fierros (one seen), Flor de Oro (one seen) and Lago Caiman (T)

COMMON POTOO Nyctibius griseus
Two heard at forest edge by Los Fierros pampa, another most nights in lakeside habitat at Lago Caiman

COMMON NIGHTHAWK Chordeiles minor
Groups of 1-8 quite frequently seen at dusk over Los Fierros, both forest and pampa. Three came out to join other nighthawks feeding over low over the river at Piso Firme

SAND-COLOURED NIGHTHAWK Chordeiles rupestris
At dusk, 2-3 joined other nighthawks over the river at Piso Firme

BAND-TAILED NIGHTHAWK Nyctiprogne leucopyga
One seen at dusk over the first oxbow on Camino Sur, Flor de Oro, but the most impressive gathering was the nightly assembly of at least 30 along the waterfront at Piso Firme

NACUNDA NIGHTHAWK Podager nacunda
One on the the road near Piso Firme, another nightly over the lodge clearing at Flor de Oro

PAURAQUE Nyctidromus albicollis
Fairly common to common at all forest sites visited (generally not found far from woods in cerrado or pampa); a pair was incubating two eggs at Huanchaca II, while several others had chicks at Los Fierros (T)

OCELLATED POORWILL Nyctiphrynus ocellatus
One flushed from forest floor at Los Fierros, another found on a nest at El Encanto, two flushed at Huanchaca II and one male heard calling at Lago Caiman

SPOT-TAILED NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus maculicaudus
Common by voice out on the Los Fierros pampa, and often seen along the road shortly after dusk; also 2-3 seen, heard and flushed by daylight around forest edge at Huanchaca II (T)

LITTLE NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus parvulus
Scarce near forest edge at Los Fierros pampa; a few seen along the road shortly after dusk (T)

RUFOUS NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus rufus
A pair heard and seen around the clearing at Los Fierros, with smaller numbers at forest edge around the nearby pampa, and at Flor de Oro

SCISSOR-TAILED NIGHTJAR Hydropsalis torquata
Common on the Los Fierros pampa and in cerrado around Huanchaca II

WHITE-COLLARED SWIFT Streptoprocne zonaris
A few over Los Fierros, Huanchaca II and Flor de Oro with much higher numbers at El Encanto and Lago Caiman, suggesting that they might have been breeding on cliffs at these latter sites

SHORT-TAILED SWIFT Chaetura brachyura
Small numbers regularly seen over all forested sites; nesting at Flor de Oro and in palms in gallery forest through cerrado at Huanchaca II (T)

GREY-RUMPED SWIFT Chaetura cinereiventris
A few occasionally at forest edge at Los Fierros, with a few seen at Piso Firme and Flor de Oro

PALE-RUMPED SWIFT Chaetura egregia
Up to 10 occasionally with other swifts over Los Fierros lodge, plus ones and twos noted at Piso Firme and Flor de Oro

[ASHY-TAILED SWIFT Chaetura andrei]
A few swifts regularly around the interface of forest and cerrado at Los Fierros (and others near the cliffs at El Encanto) seemed to be this species but the identification was not confirmed (T)

RUFOUS-BREASTED HERMIT Glaucis hirsuta
One prospecting nest sites along the La Laja road in tall forest

PALE-TAILED BARBTHROAT Threnetes niger
One along the road at Los Fierros

WHITE-BEARDED HERMIT Phaethornis hispidus
Several seen and heard at El Encanto

REDDISH HERMIT Phaethornis ruber
Common throughout all forest sites; a female was incubating two eggs at Lago Caiman (T)

PLANALTO HERMIT Phaethornis pretrei
Fairly common along clearwater streams in cerrado near Huanchaca II (one bird was incubating in a hanging pouch nest at the piscina); also noted visiting flowers in low vegetation around El Encanto waterfall

CINNAMON-THROATED HERMIT Phaethornis nattereri
One seen only once along the lakeshore at Lago Caiman: a smallish buffy hermit, clearly larger than ruber with a straightish bill and a distinct warm dark brown patch on throat

SWALLOW-TAILED HUMMINGBIRD Eupetomena macroura
3-4 seen around Huanchaca II

WHITE-NECKED JACOBIN Florisuga mellivora
Three females seen at Los Fierros

WHITE-VENTED VIOLETEAR Colibri serrirostris
Several seen at Huanchaca II

BLACK-THROATED MANGO Anthracothorax nigricollis
Fairly common at Los Fierros especially in flowering trees and shrubs along the airstrip; one at Flor de Oro

FORK-TAILED WOODNYMPH Thalurania furcata
Common in all forested sites visited

GILDED SAPPHIRE Hylocharis chrysura
One visiting flowering shrubs in cerrado near Huanchaca II

WHITE-CHINNED SAPPHIRE Hylocharis cyanus
Especially common at Los Fierros, but noted at most other forest sites, including Huanchaca II (T)

WHITE-TAILED GOLDENTHROAT Polytmus guainumbi
Fairly common along the airstrip at Los Fierros, plus several out on the pampa and around Huanchaca II

GLITTERING-THROATED EMERALD Amazilia fimbriata
One at Los Fierros airstrip, one at Huanchaca II and a few at Flor de Oro (T)

SAPPHIRE-SPANGLED EMERALD Amazilia lactea
2-3 at Flor de Oro at forest edge (T)

VERSICOLOURED EMERALD Amazilia versicolor
1-2 seen at Los Fierros, plus a gathering of c.5 in a tall flowering tree, joining White-necked Jacobins, Black-throated Mangoes, White-chinned Sapphires and probably Rufous-throated Sapphires

BLACK-EARED FAIRY Heliothryx aurita
Two seen at El Encanto

HORNED SUNGEM Heliactin bilophum
2-3 females and 3 males seen, all in flight or very briefly at rest, at Huanchaca II

BLUE-TUFTED STARTHROAT Heliomaster furcifer
One male seen in flight at Huanchaca II

LONG-BILLED STARTHROAT Heliomaster longirostris
2-3 along the Los Fierros airstrip, 3-4 at low flowering shrubs around El Encanto waterfall

AMETHYST WOODSTAR Calliphlox amethystina
One male at forest edge at Huanchaca II

COLLARED TROGON Trogon collaris
2-3 seen at El Encanto, others heard only here and La Laja (T)

BLUE-CROWNED TROGON Trogon curucui
One heard at Lago Caiman

BLACK-TAILED TROGON Trogon melanurus
Uncommon at Los Fierros and El Encanto, rare at Huanchaca II, very common at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

AMAZONIAN VIOLACEOUS TROGON Trogon violaceus
1-3 heard at edge of deciduous forest at El Encanto and La Laja (T)

AMAZONIAN WHITE-TAILED TROGON Trogon viridis
Common at Los Fierros, El Encanto and La Laja, infrequent at Huanchaca II, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

RINGED KINGFISHER Megaceryle torquata
One at Los Fierros, one at La Laja and common from Piso Firme to Lago Caiman (T)

AMAZON KINGFISHER Chloroceryle amazona
Fairly common along rivers between Piso Firme and Lago Caiman, daily at the latter

GREEN KINGFISHER Chloroceryle americana
Small numbers between Piso Firme and Lago Caiman

GREEN-AND-RUFOUS KINGFISHER Chloroceryle inda
One at Huanchaca II camp, and 2-3 around Flor de Oro

PYGMY KINGFISHER Chloroceryle aenea
2-3 between Piso Firme and Flor de Oro, 1-2 daily at Lago Caiman camp

BLUE-CROWNED MOTMOT Momotus momota
Common at all forest sites visited (T)

RUFOUS-TAILED JACAMAR Galbula ruficauda
Small numbers at Los Fierros, El Encanto and La Laja, commoner at Piso Firme and very common by voice at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

RUFOUS-CAPPED NUNLET Nonnula ruficapilla
Fairly common: c.4 seen at Los Fierros; 2 seen at El Encanto; 2 seen at Flor de Oro and 3 seen at Lago Caiman

WHITE-FRONTED NUNBIRD Monasa morphoeus
Common at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja and Huanchaca II; scarce at Lago Caiman (T)

BLACK-FRONTED NUNBIRD Monasa nigrifrons
Heard only once at Los Fierros, but commonly seen and heard at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

SWALLOW-WINGED PUFFBIRD Chelidoptera tenebrosa
A few at forest edge at the Los Fierros pampa; commoner along rivers from Piso Firme to Lago Caiman

WHITE-NECKED PUFFBIRD Notharchus macrorhynchos
Five seen at Los Fierros, also regularly heard here, and 1-3 were heard at El Encanto, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

PIED PUFFBIRD Notharchus tectus
Two seen at Los Fierros, two seen and another heard at Huanchaca II, one seen at Lago Caiman (T)

SPOTTED PUFFBIRD Bucco tamatia
A pair of these lovely creatures was excavating a nest burrow in a low termitary in stunted forest on sandy soil at Flor de Oro (presumably one of the first nest records for this species)

WHITE-EARED PUFFBIRD Nystalus chacuru
Regularly heard in cerrado habitat at Los Fierros and Huanchaca II; one seen at the former, five at the latter

BLACK-GIRDLED BARBET Capito dayi
Heard on the first day at Lago Caiman, and again on the last (in tall trees c.3 km from camp), but only seen in flight (T)

RED-NECKED ARAÇARI Pteroglossus bitorquatus
c.8 at Los Fierros, c.4 at El Encanto, one heard and another seen at Lago Caiman; gives loud repeated high-pitched "kweeeeark" calls, sounding quite like Ivory-billed Araçari Pteroglossus azara or Brown-mandibled Araçari P. mariae, to which it is related (unfortunately not recorded)

CHESTNUT-EARED ARAÇARI Pteroglossus castanotis
Common at most forest sites except Huanchaca II, where only heard once (T)

LETTERED ARAÇARI Pteroglossus inscriptus
Fairly common at Los Fierros with 2-5 seen almost daily; also 3 seen at La Florida

GOULD'S TOUCANET Selenidera gouldii
One female seen at Los Fierros and another individual heard; one pair seen well and several heard at El Encanto; single birds heard on four occasions at Huanchaca II (T)

WHITE-THROATED TOUCAN Ramphastos tucanus
Fairly common at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja, Flor de Oro; a few seen or heard at Piso Firme and Lago Caiman (T)

CHANNEL-BILLED TOUCAN Ramphastos vitellinus
Present but quite scarce at all forested sites visited except Huanchaca II, where absent (T)

TOCO TOUCAN Ramphastos toco
Fairly common at Huanchaca II and Flor de Oro (T)

BAR-BREASTED PICULET Picumnus aurifrons
Common almost throughout forested areas, even in seasonally flooded forest at Flor de Oro, often picked up by voice (descending series of 2-3 slowly-delivered high-pitched hummingbird-like whistles): c.15 seen or heard at Los Fierros; c.15 at El Encanto; c.10 at Huanchaca II; c.6 at Flor de Oro; c.5 at Lago Caiman (T)

WHITE-WEDGED PICULET Picumnus albosquamatus
One seen at Flor de Oro in bushy cerrado near the river

RUSTY-NECKED PICULET Picumnus fuscus
None were found around Flor de Oro despite plenty of searching, but 1-2 were seen accompanying a mixed species flock in seasonally flooded forest alongside the Río Iténez about 100 m downstream from the entrance to Lago Caiman. Although these birds didn't have much of a rusty neck (more sandy-buff), their underparts were less distinctly patterned than Bar-breasted Piculet, they foraged unusually low along the water's edge for a time, and one bird was calling with a rapid high-pitched descending titter (5-7 notes), more like a short version of the song of Ocellated Piculet Picumnus dorbygnianus than Bar-breasted Piculet, which has a slowly delivered song containing 2-3 notes

WHITE WOODPECKER Melanerpes candidus
Groups of 3-5 seen on three occasions at the far end of Los Fierros pampa; 2-4 seen at Piso Firme; 1-2 heard at Flor de Oro

YELLOW-TUFTED WOODPECKER Melanerpes cruentatus
Common at all forest sites visited, but absent from Huanchaca II (T)

RED-STAINED WOODPECKER Veniliornis affinis
Regularly found singly or accompanying lower- and mid-strata flocks at all forest sites visited except Huanchaca II

LITTLE WOODPECKER Veniliornis passerinus
Only seen at Huanchaca II, where encountered both in the forest fragment and in adjacent deciduous woodland

YELLOW-THROATED WOODPECKER Piculus flavigula
Several seen at Los Fierros, one seen at El Encanto, several heard and one seen at Lago Caiman; calls at Flor de Oro either this species or Golden Green Woodpecker Piculus chrysochloros (T)

SPOT-BREASTED WOODPECKER Chrysoptilus punctigula
One seen along the Río Iténez in riverine woodland, and another seen on Los Fierros pampa

CHESTNUT WOODPECKER Celeus elegans
c.5 seen at Los Fierros, c.2 seen at El Encanto, one seen at Flor de Oro and c.4 seen at Lago Caiman. Many drums by Celeus woodpeckers went unidentified (T)

SCALE-BREASTED WOODPECKER Celeus grammicus
Only encountered at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman, where it seemed fairly common by voice (3-4 heard daily at both sites); only seen once (Camino Sur, Flor de Oro) (T)

CREAM-COLOURED WOODPECKER Celeus flavus
One probably heard in forest below La Laja (series seemed too strongly descending for torquatus, but the song was only given once and not recorded); several individuals were heard and seen at Flor de Oro (Camino Norte and Camino Sur)

RINGED WOODPECKER Celeus torquatus
One at Los Fierros beyond the end of the airstrip, one at La Laja, two seen well at El Encanto and one heard at Flor de Oro (Camino Sur) (T)

LINEATED WOODPECKER Dryocopus lineatus
One seen out on the Los Fierros pampa, others were seen or heard in riverine or lakeside seasonally flooded forest from Piso Firme to Lago Caiman (T)

RED-NECKED WOODPECKER Campephilus rubricollis
Common at all forest sites visited with 1-5 seen or heard daily (T)

PLAIN-BROWN WOODCREEPER Dendrocincla fuliginosa
c.5 seen and c.10 heard at Los Fierros, El Encanto and La Laja combined. Commonest at Huanchaca II where several were seen or heard daily (T)

OLIVACEOUS WOODCREEPER Sittasomus griseicapillus
Only encountered at Huanchaca II (where fairly common), Flor de Oro (c.5 birds) and Lago Caiman (c.5 birds) (T)

WEDGE-BILLED WOODCREEPER Glyphorhynchus spirurus
Very few at Los Fierros and El Encanto, but several encountered at Huanchaca II and Flor de Oro; seemed common at Lago Caiman (T)

LONG-BILLED WOODCREEPER Nasica longirostris
c.5 heard at Flor de Oro and 2-4 heard at Lago Caiman, where one was whistled in

CINNAMON-THROATED WOODCREEPER Dendrexetastes rufigula
One heard on three occasions at El Encanto; one possible heard at Lago Caiman (T)

RED-BILLED WOODCREEPER Hylexetastes perrotii uniformis
Heard every dawn near El Encanto camp where a pair appeared to roost; c.3 individuals were seen around here. Also heard once in forest along the La Laja road, and heard twice at Huanchaca II (T)

STRONG-BILLED WOODCREEPER Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus
Heard twice only: once at El Encanto and once at Lago Caiman

AMAZONIAN BARRED WOODCREEPER Dendrocolaptes certhia concolor
3 seen at El Encanto, once along the road to La Laja and once at Lago Caiman; heard occasionally at these sites and at both Los Fierros and Flor de Oro (T)

STRIPED WOODCREEPER Xiphorhynchus obsoletus
Heard once at Piso Firme, and c.10 times in total at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman; seen on 3 occasions at the latter two sites (T)

STRAIGHT-BILLED WOODCREEPER Xiphorhynchus picus
Very often heard in riverine or lakeside forest from Piso Firme to Lago Caiman; also in drier low stature woodland at Flor de Oro (T)

ELEGANT WOODCREEPER Xiphorhynchus elegans
Common at Huanchaca II, fairly common at Los Fierros, El Encanto and La Laja, scarce at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman. Most often recorded by voice, but also regularly seen with understorey flocks (T)

BUFF-THROATED WOODCREEPER Xiphorhynchus guttatus
Common at all forested sites visited (3-10 heard daily), except Huanchaca II where one was seen but the species was never heard (T)

LINEATED WOODCREEPER Lepidocolaptes albolineatus
Small numbers seen, often with canopy flocks, at Los Fierros, El Encanto, Huanchaca II and Lago Caiman (T)

RUFOUS HORNERO Furnarius rufus
2-3 seen or heard at Flor de Oro

PALE-BREASTED SPINETAIL Synallaxis albescens
Two at Huanchaca II, a few at Los Fierros pampa and c.5 in song at Flor de Oro (T)

RUDDY SPINETAIL Synallaxis rutilans
Regularly encountered (1-4 daily) at El Encanto and Lago Caiman, only a few found at Los Fierros (T)

RUSTY-BACKED SPINETAIL Cranioleuca vulpina
A pair found twice along Camino Sur, Flor de Oro; another pair heard in song on the opposite shore of Lago Caiman from camp (T)

YELLOW-CHINNED SPINETAIL Certhiaxis cinnamomea
Heard at Bellavista guardpost and several times in marshy areas near Flor de Oro (T)

BUFF-THROATED FOLIAGE-GLEANER Automolus ochrolaemus
c.8 encountered at Los Fierros, c.5 at El Encanto, c.10 at Huanchaca II, c.2 at La Laja, c.5 at Flor de Oro and c.3 at Lago Caiman (T)

PLAIN XENOPS Xenops minutus
Common at Los Fierros where 1-2 seen most days, usually low down with mixed flocks; quite often heard and seen at El Encanto and La Laja, even out in deciduous forest. One also seen at Huanchaca II, and 2-3 seen at Lago Caiman (T)

SLENDER-BILLED XENOPS Xenops tenuirostris
Probably overlooked as several Xenops with canopy flocks went unidentified. This species was never heard calling, but positive identifications were made of one individual at El Encanto, and one at Lago Caiman. 1-2 Xenops at Huanchaca II were either this species or Streaked Xenops X. rutilans (which has been collected in lowlands in this region), but were seen too poorly for conclusive identification

GREY-THROATED LEAFTOSSER Sclerurus albigularis
One individual heard singing at El Encanto, another at Lago Caiman (T)

FASCIATED ANTSHRIKE Cymbilaimus lineatus
1 seen and 4 heard at El Encanto, one heard at La Laja (T)

GREAT ANTSHRIKE Taraba major
1-2 heard at Piso Firme, 3-4 heard at Flor de Oro and 1 heard at Lago Caiman (T)

WHITE-SHOULDERED ANTSHRIKE Thamnophilus aethiops
Fairly common at all forest sites visited (recorded largely by voice), apart from Huanchaca II where only one female was seen and no songs were ever heard (T)

AMAZONIAN ANTSHRIKE Thamnophilus amazonicus
Common at all forest sites visited (recorded largely by voice), apart from Huanchaca II where this species is absent (T)

BARRED ANTSHRIKE Thamnophilus doliatus
A pair seen in the Los Fierros pampa, 2-3 seen around Flor de Oro; heard commonly at both these sites, once at Lago Caiman lakeshore and once in cerrado above La Laja campsite (T)

NATTERER'S SLATY ANTSHRIKE Thamnophilus stictocephalus
Uncommon at Los Fierros (encountered on c.5 occasions), fairly common at Huanchaca II and Lago Caiman (seen or heard 1-3 times daily) (T)

PLAIN-WINGED ANTSHRIKE Thamnophilus schistaceus
Recorded at all forest patches visited, including Huanchaca II, although scarce at this latter site. Elsewhere 1-5 heard daily, generally accompanying mixed species mid- and understorey flocks (T)

SPOT-WINGED ANTSHRIKE Pygiptila stellaris
1-3 seen or heard most days at all forested sites visited except Huanchaca II, where apparently absent (T)

PLAIN ANTVIREO Dysithamnus mentalis
Abundant in the isolated Huanchaca II fragment but absent everywhere else for some reason. A nest with two eggs found (T)

SATURNINE ANTSHRIKE Thamnomanes saturninus
3-5 pairs seen or heard at Los Fierros, c.15 at El Encanto, and c.5 at Lago Caiman; a noisy member of understorey flocks, although these weren't very commonly found (T)

WHITE-FLANKED ANTWREN Myrmotherula axillaris
Fairly common at Los Fierros, El Encanto and La Laja (1-3 seen or heard most days), absent from Huanchaca II but very common at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (5-20 seen or heard daily); birds at PNNKM seem not to give the two note call associated with this species further north (T)

PYGMY ANTWREN Myrmotherula brachyura
Occasionally encountered at Los Fierros (mostly along the road beyond the airstrip), slightly more commonly at El Encanto and La Laja (1-4 heard daily), regular at Huanchaca II (2-6 heard daily), and heard only once at Lago Caiman (T)

PLAIN-THROATED ANTWREN Myrmotherula hauxwelli
Scarce. One at El Encanto, another two at La Laja (one heard, one seen) (T)

WHITE-EYED ANTWREN Myrmotherula leucophthalma
c.5 at Los Fierros, regular at El Encanto (1-5 seen or heard daily) and only 2 at Lago Caiman (T)

GREY ANTWREN Myrmotherula menetriesii
2-3 at Los Fierros, regular at El Encanto, La Laja and Lago Caiman (2-6 seen or heard daily)

SCLATER'S ANTWREN Myrmotherula sclateri
Regularly heard at Los Fierros (1-3 most days, often along the La Florida road, beyond the end of the airstrip), but commonest at El Encanto and La Laja where it was found accompanying most canopy flocks. Only 3-4 seen as it usually requires effort (T)

AMAZONIAN STREAKED-ANTWREN Myrmotherula multostriata
Often heard in riverine and lakeside habitats at both Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

RUFOUS-WINGED ANTWREN Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus
Small numbers regularly heard at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja and Lago Caiman (usually 1-4 individuals daily); seemed much commoner on the meseta at Huanchaca II (10-20 heard daily) but despite regular checking we never found Large-billed Antwren Herpsilochmus longirostris which occurs at the same site (T)

RUSTY-BACKED ANTWREN Formicivora rufa
c.5 seen around the Los Fierros pampa, c.4 seen at Huanchaca II (T)

GREY ANTBIRD Cercomacra cinerascens
Heard regularly at all forest sites visited (2-10 daily), except Huanchaca II where only heard on three occasions (T)

BLACKISH ANTBIRD Cercomacra nigrescens
Common in edge habitats such as along the airstrip at Los Fierros, in forest fragments at Flor de Oro and near the lakeshore at Lago Caiman. Only heard once at Huanchaca II, and a few times at Piso Firme (T)

WHITE-BACKED FIRE-EYE Pyriglena leuconota
3-4 heard or seen at Flor de Oro, occasionally at El Encanto, but much more frequently at Lago Caiman (T)

WHITE-BROWED ANTBIRD Myrmoborus leucophrys
Only encountered at Lago Caiman where it was fairly common, expecially in the broad swathe of tangled low forest near the lake (T)

WARBLING ANTBIRD Hypocnemis cantator
Common at all forested sites visited (c.10-30 heard daily), although scarce at Flor de Oro (0-1 daily) and absent from Hunachaca II (T)

BAND-TAILED ANTBIRD Hypocnemoides maculicauda
Fairly common at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (2-8 seen or heard daily) (T)

SILVERED ANTBIRD Sclateria naevia
One seen on the banks of the Río Iténez when travelling to Flor de Oro, 2-3 heard at Flor de Oro and several regularly around camp at Lago Caiman (T)

BLACK-THROATED ANTBIRD Myrmeciza atrothorax
Common at all forest sites visited (5-30 heard daily), except quite scarce at Huanchaca II (only 3 pairs encountered); commonest in more tangled or degraded areas (T)

SOUTHERN CHESTNUT-TAILED ANTBIRD Myrmeciza hemimelaena
Common at all forest sites visited (5-25 heard daily), perhaps especially at Huanchaca II; commonest in higher quality forest (T)

SCALE-BACKED ANTBIRD Hylophylax poecilinotus
Present at all forest sites visited, commonest at Huanchaca II (6-12 seen or heard daily), fairly common at El Encanto, La Laja and Lago Caiman (c.5 seen or heard daily), scarce at Los Fierros and Flor de Oro (1-4 seen or heard most days) (T)

DOT-BACKED ANTBIRD Hylophylax punctulata
A gem. Scarce at Los Fierros where heard or seen once every c.4 days, mainly along the airstrip trail, but more regularly found at El Encanto with 1-6 seen or heard daily (T)

BLACK-SPOTTED BARE-EYE Phlegopsis nigromaculata
A pair glimpsed at Flor de Oro but otherwise recorded exclusively by vocalisations: 2 pairs heard at Los Fierros, 3 pairs at El Encanto, heard once at La Laja and once at Lago Caiman (T)

RUFOUS-CAPPED ANTTHRUSH Formicarius colma
3 heard at Los Fierros, mostly along the airstrip road, 2-3 heard at El Encanto (where one bird also seen at roadside) and 1 heard at Lago Caiman (T)

AMAZONIAN ANTPITTA Hylopezus berlepschi
Heard once at Los Fierros at the edge of pampa, and commonly heard at Lago Caiman where several pairs were vocal in the tangled forest near the lake (T)

COLLARED CRESCENTCHEST Melanopareia torquata
Two seen on the Los Fierros pampa and two seen near Huanchaca II; calls were commonly heard in both these areas, even out into almost pure grassland (T)

PLANALTO TYRANNULET Phyllomyias fasciatus
Only one seen, a single individual accompanying a mixed-species canopy flock at Huanchaca II

SLENDER-FOOTED TYRANNULET Zimmerius gracilipes
A few possibles were seen at Los Fierros, but only definitely recorded at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman where seemed quite common by voice (2-5 heard daily), especially with canopy flocks (T)

YELLOW TYRANNULET Capsiempis flaveola
One seen and another heard in low vegetation near the creek opposite Piso Firme village

WHITE-LORED TYRANNULET Ornithion inerme
Seemed scarce at Los Fierros where only heard once every few days, but common at El Encanto and La Laja where 2-8 heard or seen daily (accompanying most canopy flocks), smaller numbers were heard at Flor de Oro (3-4) and Lago Caiman (c.10) (T)

SOUTHERN BEARDLESS TYRANNULET Camptostoma obsoletum
One seen on the Los Fierros pampa and another seen at Flor de Oro

MOUSE-COLOURED TYRANNULET Phaeomyias murina
One in the pampa at Los Fierros (T)

ALDER FLYCATCHER Empidonax alnorum
One individual seen at the La Laja campsite

CHAPADA FLYCATCHER Suiriri islerorum
A pair found in scattered tall tree cerrado between pampa and forest on the road to El Encanto (T)

YELLOW-CROWNED TYRANNULET Tyrannulus elatus
One heard at Los Fierros, one at Piso Firme, and then the species was heard frequently and seen on 2-3 occasions at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

GREY ELAENIA Myiopagis caniceps
One male seen at Los Fierros and one heard at Lago Caiman (T), both accompanying canopy flocks

FOREST ELAENIA Myiopagis gaimardii
Common at all forest sites visited although rarely seen well; 5-25 were heard daily (T)

LESSER ELAENIA Elaenia chiriquensis
Several seen in campo sujo around Huanchaca II (T)

PLAIN-CRESTED ELAENIA Elaenia cristata
Seen and heard quite frequently out on the Los Fierros pampa, and oncee at Florr de Oro (T)

YELLOW-BELLIED ELAENIA Elaenia flavogaster
Common and conspicuous at Los Fierros pampa and around Huanchaca II, with pairs often heard duetting (T)

SMALL-BILLED ELAENIA Elaenia parvirostris
Single individuals were seen on several occasions with canopy flocks in tall woodland at Los Fierros, apparently disappearing after the second week of our stay; also seen once at Huanchaca II

PLAIN TYRANNULET Inezia inornata
One seen well with a canopy flock at Los Fierros, and another seen in dense cerrado (clumps of tall bushes near woodland) at Flor de Oro

SHARP-TAILED TYRANT Culicivora caudacuta
c.8 seen in total in grassland around Huanchaca II

OCHRE-BELLIED FLYCATCHER Mionectes oleagineus
Heard (or less frequently seen) fairly frequently at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja and Huanchaca II (2-6 encountered daily), perhaps commonest in taller deciduous forest at the base of the meseta; a few were also heard at Lago Caiman (T)

SEPIA-CAPPED FLYCATCHER Leptopogon amaurocephalus
1-5 seen or heard daily at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja and Huanchaca II (T)

RINGED ANTPIPIT Corythopis torquata
Heard every 2-3 days at Los Fierros, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman; commoner at El Encanto and La Laja where 1-5 heard or seen daily (T)

SHORT-TAILED PYGMY-TYRANT Myiornis ecaudatus
Present at all forest sites visited except Huanchaca II; 3-8 heard daily at Los Fierros, 5-15 at El Encanto and La Laja, but only 5 encountered at Flor de Oro and 2 heard at Lago Caiman (T)

SNETHLAGE'S TODY-TYRANT Hemitriccus minor
Common at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja and Lago Caiman (4-10 heard daily), apparently absent from Huanchaca II, and scarce at Flor de Oro (c.5 found in total while looking for the following species) (T)

[ZIMMER'S TODY-TYRANT Hemitriccus minimus]
We didn't find this species at Los Fierros or Flor de Oro despite speculative playback in likely looking short-stature forest on sandy soils; fieldwork constraints meant that we only had a few hours in this habitat type. Zimmer's Tody-tyrant presumably lives in the stretch of woodland after the pampa on the road between Los Fierros to El Encanto, and also near Flor de Oro. At the latter, take the trail that runs alongside the far side of the airstrip - ie parallel to Camino Sur - until it forks c.400 m beyond the end of the airstrip. If you go to the right there are two patches of stunted forest before you hit the pampa again. We saw Spotted Puffbird here (another species that prefers stunted forest in these parts) and I'm certain minimus would be found here without too much trouble.

FLAMMULATED BAMBOO-TYRANT Hemitriccus flammulatus
Fairly common at Los Fierros, El Encanto and La Laja (1-5 heard daily), commoner at Huanchaca II, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (5-15 heard daily) (T)

PEARLY-VENTED TODY-TYRANT Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer
One individual encountered on the slopes above La Laja

STRIPE-NECKED TODY-TYRANT Hemitriccus striaticollis
1-2 at forest edge at both Los Fierros and Huanchaca II, but common at Flor de Oro with 2-8 heard or seen daily (T)

COMMON TODY-FLYCATCHER Todirostrum cinereum
One in riverine trees at Flor de Oro

YELLOW-BROWED TODY-FLYCATCHER Todirostrum chrysocrotophum
One at Lago Caiman, possibly overlooked elsewhere

RUSTY-FRONTED TODY-FLYCATCHER Todirostrum latirostre
Heard occasionally in dense riverine or lakeside undergrowth: once at Piso Firme, once at Flor de Oro, once at Lago Caiman

[RUFOUS-SIDED PYGMY-TYRANT Euscarthmus rufimarginatus]
We searched for this threatened species all around the Huanchaca II forest island, trawling across miles of campo limpo, campo sujo and cerrado with a canned recording - but to no avail. This bird is apparently much easier to find at Huanchaca I, but in any case the large population reported in Ridgely and Tudor appears not to exist.

RUFOUS-TAILED FLATBILL Ramphotrigon ruficauda
Fairly common at Los Fierros (1-2 birds heard most days), and only slightly less common at El Encanto, La Laja and Lago Caiman; easily whistled in (T)

DUSKY-TAILED FLATBILL Ramphotrigon fuscicauda
One in full song c.8 km from Los Fierros lodge on the road to La Florida, another giving the shorter call in tangled forest near the lake at Lago Caiman (T)

OLIVE-FACED FLYCATCHER Tolmomyias viridiceps
2-3 heard at El Encanto, and c.10 at Lago Caiman (T)

YELLOW-OLIVE FLYCATCHER Tolmomyias sulphurescens
2-3 seen and heard at Flor de Oro, plus another c.5 seen and heard at Lago Caiman, mostly along the lakeshore (T)

GREY-CROWNED FLYCATCHER Tolmomyias poliocephalus
Only conclusively identified at Lago Caiman where 2-3 were heard (T)

ZIMMER'S FLYCATCHER Tolmomyias assimilis
This was a common mid and upper-storey flycatcher accompanying almost every mixed flock at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja, Huanchaca II and Lago Caiman (5-15 seen or heard daily) (T)

WHITE-CRESTED SPADEBILL Platyrinchus platyrhynchos
One heard calling at El Encanto and another seen (T)

AMAZONIAN ROYAL FLYCATCHER Onychorhynchus coronatus
Two near the waterfall at El Encanto, one near El Encanto camp, and another pair heard at Los Fierros (T)

RUDDY-TAILED FLYCATCHER Terenotriccus erythrurus
Seen on three occasions in the same place (presumably the same bird or pair) between Los Fierros lodge and the pampa

BRAN-COLOURED FLYCATCHER Myiophobus fasciatus
One seen in deciduous woodland near Huanchaca II

EULER'S FLYCATCHER Lathrotriccus euleri
2-3 seen or heard on the airstrip trail at Los Fierros but otherwise encountered at El Encanto and La Laja (c.3 daily, chiefly in deciduous forest at the base of the meseta), or at Huanchaca II (5-12 heard daily) (T)

FUSCOUS FLYCATCHER Cnemotriccus fuscatus
One seen in deciduous forest below El Encanto waterfall, others heard giving the thin high-pitched whistle at Huanchaca II and Lago Caiman (T)

GREY MONJITA Xolmis cinerea
c.8 seen in campo sujo and cerrado around Huanchaca II

Unidentified BLACK-TYRANT Knipolegus sp
One female seen distantly on Los Fierros pampa

CLIFF FLYCATCHER Hirundinea ferruginea
c.6 seen on cliffs around El Encanto waterfall, and one seen on cliffs above La Laja

CATTLE TYRANT Machetornis rixosus
c.5 at Piso Firme

WHITE-EYED ATTILA Attila bolivianus
One seen and c.6 heard at Flor de Oro (T)

CINNAMON ATTILA Attila cinnamomeus
c.8 heard at Flor de Oro and 1-2 repeatedly heard over the lake from camp at Lago Caiman (T)

BRIGHT-RUMPED ATTILA Attila spadiceus
Regularly heard at Los Fierros, El Encanto and Lago Caiman (around 1 every 2 days) (T)

RUFOUS CASIORNIS Casiornis rufa
A pair seen at Los Fierros, a pair at El Encanto (one carrying nesting material) and a single bird at Huanchaca II

GREYISH MOURNER Rhytipterna simplex
Fairly common at Los Fierros, El Encanto and La Laja (2-5 seen or heard daily), less common at Huanchaca II and Lago Caiman (1-3 seen or heard most days, regularly accompanying mid-storey flocks) (T)

CINEREOUS MOURNER Laniocera hypopyrra
Seen on fewer occasions than the preceding species (although this is perhaps because it less frequently visits the understorey or joins flocks), but nevertheless quite common at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja and Lago Caiman (where leks or single birds were heard roughly once a day) (T)

SHORT-CRESTED FLYCATCHER Myiarchus ferox
Common at Flor de Oro where c.5 seen and many heard (T)

SWAINSON'S FLYCATCHER Myiarchus swainsoni
One seen in forest canopy at Los Fierros accompanying a mixed-species flock (late October; a migrant?), another seen in tall cerrado at the far end of the pampa road (late November; a resident?)

DUSKY-CAPPED FLYCATCHER Myiarchus tuberculifer
Seemed to be absent from Los Fierros during our stay, but regularly seen or heard (especially in tall deciduous woodland) at El Encanto, La Laja and Lago Caiman (T)

BROWN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER Myiarchus tyrannulus
Only one bird seen and heard: an individual in riverine growth near cerrado at Flor de Oro

LESSER KISKADEE Philohydor lictor
1-2 regularly in the lodge clearing at Los Fierros, and common from Piso Firme to Lago Caiman in riverside and lakeside habitats (T)

GREAT KISKADEE Pitangus sulphuratus
A few seen or heard at Los Fierros, La Florida and Piso Firme

BOAT-BILLED FLYCATCHER Megarhynchus pitangua
Small numbers (1-2 most days) seen or heard at Los Fierros, El Encanto and Flor de Oro (T)

RUSTY-MARGINED FLYCATCHER Myiozetetes cayanensis
A resident pair was noisy and conspicuous around Los Fierros lodge, but the species was much more common in cleared or riverine habitats between Piso Firme and Flor de Oro (T)

STREAKED FLYCATCHER Myiodynastes maculatus
2-3 were seen at the beginning of our visits to both Los Fierros and El Encanto, and a single individual was found at Huanchaca II, but these were presumably departing austral migrants as numbers appeared to dwindle and there were no sightings in December

PIRATIC FLYCATCHER Legatus leucophaius
Fairly common by voice (2-6 heard daily) at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja and Lago Caiman (T)

CROWNED SLATY FLYCATCHER Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus
One (presumably migrating) individual seen at the edge of woodland at Huanchaca II

VARIEGATED FLYCATCHER Empidonomus varius
2-3 seen early in our stay at Los Fierros (probably migrants)

SULPHURY FLYCATCHER Tyannopsis sulphurea
One individual seen perching in the open sub-canopy of disturbed forest c.500 m from Lago Caiman; this bird was not directly associating with palms although a few palms stood nearby

WHITE-THROATED KINGBIRD Tyrannus albogularis
10-20 were seen in canopy at the edge of Huanchaca II, and foraging along narrow strips of gallery forest where they sometimes outnumbered Tropical Kingbirds. As White-throated Kingbirds were singing, interacting agonistically, and apparently nest prospecting, it seems likely that this species breeds at the site

TROPICAL KINGBIRD Tyrannus melancholicus
Fairly common on the Los Fierros pampa during the early part of our stay, but much scarcer towards the end of our stay when many migrants had presumably passed through (T)

EASTERN KINGBIRD Tyrannus tyrannus
One bird seem on the Los Fierros pampa, and 2-3 near the airstrip at Flor de Oro

FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER Tyrannus savana
Large numbers (100s) were passing through La Mechita, La Florida and Los Fierros pampa during the early part of our stay (at this time one group of c.20 was even seen roosting at night in the canopy of continuous forest at El Encanto). A few were seen around Piso Firme, but none around Flor de Oro or Lago Caiman

BLACK-CAPPED BECARD Pachyramphus marginatus
One female seen at Los Fierros, and the dawn song was heard daily given by two or more individuals along the main trail at Lago Caiman (T)

PINK-THROATED BECARD Pachyramphus minor
Seemed scarce; one young male moulting into adult plumage was seen with a mid-storey flock at El Encanto

WHITE-WINGED BECARD Pachyramphus polychopterus
Fairly common at most forest sites visited, particularly in edge situations; regularly heard (2-4 daily) at Los Fierros, El Encanto and Piso Firme, a little less frequently at Huanchaca II (1-2 most days), but more commonly at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (4-10 daily); individuals quite often seen accompanying mixed-species flocks (T)

CRESTED BECARD Pachyramphus validus
One male seen in late October in canopy of forest between lodge and pampa at Los Fierros

GREEN-BACKED BECARD Pachyramphus viridis
One seen in late October near the forest edge at Los Fierros

BLACK-TAILED TITYRA Tityra cayana
One seen and 2-3 heard at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman

MASKED TITYRA Tityra semifasciata
One seen at Los Fierros, two at El Encanto, a group of three at Huanchaca II, others heard at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman; calls somewhat similar to those of the previous species, but less abrupt and grunty (T)

VÁRZEA SCHIFFORNIS Schiffornis major
One seen flying across a narrow side channel of the Río Iténez 1-2 hours downstream of Flor de Oro, and then perched briefly in riverside vegetation

THRUSH-LIKE SCHIFFORNIS Schiffornis turdinus
Infrequently heard (1-3 most days) at Los Fierros (where several seen at dusk coming to drink at a pool on the airstrip trail), El Encanto, La Laja and Lago Caiman; more common at Huanchaca II (2-7 heard daily) (T)

WING-BARRED PIPRITES Piprites chloris
Only heard infrequently (1-3 daily) at El Encanto and La Laja (T)

HELMETED MANAKIN Antilophia galeatus
Three stunning males were calling throughout the day from regular song-posts at Huanchaca II (T)

DWARF TYRANT MANAKIN Tyranneutes stolzmanni
Quite scarce, and never seen; calling males at regular song-posts were heard at Los Fierros (1-2), El Encanto (2), Huanchaca II (1 near camp) and Lago Caiman (2) (T)

FLAME-CRESTED MANAKIN Heterocercus linteatus
Difficult to find, the only sightings being along the airstrip trail (Los Fierros) where a male and female were seen on three occasions

FIERY-CAPPED MANAKIN Machaeropterus pyrocephalus
One male was seen along the airstrip trail (Los Fierros) and a female was seen along Camino Sur at Flor de Oro; its true abundance was more accurately indicated by the male's strange frog-like pink note which was regularly heard (3-8 times daily) at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja, Huanchaca II and Flor de Oro (T)

WHITE-BEARDED MANAKIN Manacus manacus
Two leks active near Los Fierros lodge (best one beyond the far end of the airstrip), another by La Laja campsite and another on Camino Sur at Flor de Oro (T)

BLUE-BACKED MANAKIN Chiroxiphia pareola
One heard (pi-pong pi-pong etc.) on one occasion along the airstrip trail at Los Fierros

BAND-TAILED MANAKIN Pipra fasciicauda
1-2 permanent leks were heard at El Encanto, 1 at La Laja and 1 at Los Fierros (T)

RED-HEADED MANAKIN Pipra rubrocapilla
Several lekking areas were active at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja, Huanchaca II and Lago Caiman; birds were encountered daily in small numbers, usually by voice (T)

SNOW-CAPPED MANAKIN Lepidothrix nattereri
Fairly common (2-5 heard most days) at Los Fierros (airstrip trail best), El Encanto and Huanchaca II; this species sounds similar to the more widespread Blue-crowned Manakin Lepidothrix coronata (T)

SCREAMING PIHA Lipaugus vociferans
Common at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja and Huanchaca II, with males lekking noisily at all these sites; inexplicably rare at Lago Caiman where the full song was never heard, only occasional pew notes (T)

PURPLE-THROATED FRUITCROW Querula purpurata
Only encountered at Lago Caiman were two groups of 2-3 were seen and heard (T)

BARE-NECKED FRUITCROW Gymnoderus foetidus
Seemed fairly common at all forest sites visited except Huanchaca II, where apparently absent. Highest numbers (c.5 daily seen in flight) were recorded at Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman

AMAZONIAN UMBRELLABIRD Cephalopterus ornatus
One female flew over Los Fierros lodge and landed briefly in nearby cecropias, another flew over the Río Iténez near the mouth of the Río Paucerna, c.5 (including young birds and adults of both sexes) were seen perched in seasonally flooded forest alongside a young oxbow at Flor de Oro, and two individuals flew across Lago Caiman

WHITE-WINGED SWALLOW Tachycineta albiventer
Fairly common at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and along intervening rivers; two pairs were seen on Lago Caiman

WHITE-RUMPED SWALLOW Tachycineta leucorrhoa
One individual was seen around Flor de Oro lodge on one date

GREY-BREASTED MARTIN Progne chalybea
A few were seen out on Los Fierros pampa, but this species was much more common at Piso Firme and Flor de Oro where several pairs were nesting (T)

PURPLE MARTIN Progne subis
A flock of around 600 resided at Piso Firme village for a day, 90% of these in female or immature plumage; a few stragglers or late arrivals were seen on subsequent days

BROWN-CHESTED MARTIN Progne tapera
A few were seen over the Bajo Paragua and Iténez rivers between Piso Firme and Flor de Oro, possibly breeding

WHITE-BANDED SWALLOW Atticora fasciata
c.4 near the mouth of the Río Paucerna, and c.4 intermittently adjacent to Flor de Oro lodge

SOUTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
Fairly common at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman

BARN SWALLOW Hirundo rustica
1-2 at Piso Firme and 4-5 at Flor de Oro

CLIFF SWALLOW Hirundo pyrrhonota
c.20 flew south over Los Fierros lodge after a storm

BLACK-CAPPED DONACOBIUS Donacobius atricapillus
One seen on a small marsh near La Mechita, and many were seen or heard at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro, Lago Caiman and along intervening rivers (T)

THRUSH-LIKE WREN Campylorhynchus turdinus
One pair resident at Los Fierros lodge, many more heard and seen at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro, Lago Caiman and along intervening rivers (T)

TOOTH-BILLED WREN Odontorchilus cinereus
Rarely encountered at Los Fierros, but common at El Encanto and La Laja (generally heard or seen 4-8 times daily with pairs apparently accompanying every canopy flock); also heard twice and seen once at Lago Caiman (T)

MOUSTACHED WREN Thryothorus genibarbis
Common (5-20 seen and heard daily) at Los Fierros, La Laja, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman; lower numbers were found at El Encanto (where rarely heard), Huanchaca II and Piso Firme (2-3 heard daily) (T)

FAWN-BREASTED WREN Thryothorus guarayanus
This species was common at Flor de Oro (5-15 seen and heard daily); in addition, one pair was heard duetting in forest at Los Fierros, and a few were seen and heard at Lago Caiman (T)

HOUSE WREN Troglodytes aedon
2-3 heard on the Los Fierros pampa, similar numbers around Flor de Oro, and more common in cerrado between La Laja and Huanchaca II (T)

SOUTHERN NIGHTINGALE-WREN Microcerculus marginatus
Only one found: a singing male c.4 km from Lago Caiman camp, on the way to Flor de Oro (T)

CHALK-BROWED MOCKINGBIRD Mimus saturninus
Fairly common on the Los Fierros pampa

WHITE-NECKED THRUSH Turdus albicollis
Only encountered at El Encanto (1 seen, 3 heard), La Laja (1 heard) and Lago Caiman (1 heard); seemed to favour slightly drier more deciduous forest at the foot of the meseta (T)

CREAMY-BELLIED THRUSH Turdus amaurochalinus
1-2 at Los Fierros early in our stay (probably departing austral migrants)

HAUXWELL'S THRUSH Turdus hauxwelli
One seen at Los Fierros, but oddly this species was never heard singing at any site

PALE-BREASTED THRUSH Turdus leucomelas
Several of these powerful songsters were holding territories at Huanchaca II (T)

SWAINSON'S THRUSH Catharus ustulatus
c.4 were seen and heard at Huanchaca II (T)

LONG-BILLED GNATWREN Ramphocaenus melanurus
Only heard twice at Los Fierros (c.8 km from the lodge towards La Florida), twice at Flor de Oro (in tangled seasonally flooded forest), and three times at Lago Caiman (one of which was in flooded forest on the banks of the Río Iténez) (T)

GRASSLAND SPARROW Ammodramus humeralis
Fairly common in grassland at Los Fierros pampa, between La Laja and Huanchaca II, and at Flor de Oro; starts singing before dawn (T)

WEDGE-TAILED GRASS-FINCH Emberizoides herbicola
Common at Huanchaca II and around Flor de Oro; only one seen on the Los Fierros pampa (T)

BLUE-BLACK GRASSQUIT Volatinia jacarina
Fairly common with seedeater flocks at Los Fierros lodge and on nearby pampa; also regularly seen in grassland between La Laja and Huanchaca II, and around camp at Flor de Oro

PLUMBEOUS SEEDEATER Sporophila plumbea
Three birds seen (one male) at Huanchaca II

DOUBLE-COLLARED SEEDEATER Sporophila caerulescens
c.20 in total around Los Fierros, and a single male seen at Flor de Oro

BLACK-AND-TAWNY SEEDEATER Sporophila nigrorufa
c.10 (including 5 males) were constantly present around the clearing at Flor de Oro, consorting with other seedeaters

DARK-THOATED SEEDEATER Sporophila ruficollis
A few at Los Fierros (round camp and at pampa) in mixed flocks of seedeaters

LINED SEEDEATER Sporophila lineola
Fairly common at Los Fierros and Flor de Oro lodges where this was one of the commonest seedeaters feeding in tall grass around the buildings; also seen out in the Los Fierros pampa and along roads in low vegetation

TAWNY-BELLIED SEEDEATER Sporophila hypoxantha
c.5 seen around Los Fierros lodge and 1 male seen at Flor de Oro

LESSER SEEDFINCH Oryzoborus angolensis
Regularly heard around Flor de Oror, with a couple of other birds singing opposite the camp at Lago Caiman (T)

PECTORAL SPARROW Arremon taciturnus
3-4 seen or heard at El Encanto, 1-3 heard daily at Huanchaca II, and one seen at Flor de Oro (Camino Sur) (T)

RED-CAPPED CARDINAL Paroaria gularis
Small numbers seen in riverside vegetation at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and along intervening rivers

SLATE-COLOURED SALTATOR Saltator grossus
c.5 heard at Lago Caiman (T)

BLACK-THROATED SALTATOR Saltator atricollis
One of the commonest birds of scattered shrubs and cerrado around Huanchaca II and along the path from there to La Laja; also heard once on the Los Fierros pampa (T)

GREYISH SALTATOR Saltator coerulescens
Heard quite frequently (2-5 daily) at Piso Firme, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman (T)

BUFF-THROATED SALTATOR Saltator maximus
Only seen and heard at Huanchaca II, and in tall deciduous forest near the La Laja campsite (T)

BLUE-BLACK GROSBEAK Cyanocompsa cyanoides
Twice heard near the airstrip at Los Fierros, regularly heard (2-3 daily) at El Encanto (where a pair seen once), and heard twice again at Lago Caiman (T)

BLUE FINCH Porphyrospiza caerulescens
Two males in song and accompanying females seen on a rocky outcrop near Huanchaca II

BLACK-FACED TANAGER Schistoclamys melanopis
The most conspicuous passerine out on the Los Fierros pampa; also regularly seen above the La Laja campsite, around Huanchaca II and at Flor de Oro

WHITE-BANDED TANAGER Neothraupis fasciata
c.20 (including recently fledged young) seen in cerrado around Huanchaca II

WHITE-RUMPED TANAGER Cypsnagra hirundinacea
A pair seen at the far end of the Los Fierros pampa, and many seen and heard in cerrado surrounding Huanchaca II (T)

YELLOW-BACKED TANAGER Hemithraupis flavicollis
Fairly common in canopy flocks, small numbers seen at all forested sites including Huanchaca II

GUIRA TANAGER Hemithraupis guira
Noted at Los Fierros (one female), El Encanto (c.5 birds) and Huanchaca II (one male)

HOODED TANAGER Nemosia pileata
Only one female seen with a canopy flock at Los Fierros

FLAME-CRESTED TANAGER Tachyphonus cristatus
Fairly common in canopy flocks at all forested sites visited

WHITE-SHOULDERED TANAGER Tachyphonus luctuosus
Fairly common in canopy flocks at all forested sites visited

RED-CROWNED ANT-TANAGER Habia rubica
Encountered most frequently at Huanchaca II where 5-15 were seen or heard daily; smaller numbers were an important component of lower-storey flocks at El Encanto, La Laja and (more rarely) Lago Caiman (T)

LOWLAND HEPATIC TANAGER Piranga flava
One male was seen in open dry woodland on the slopes of the meseta above La Laja; a female was flushed from a nest containing one egg nearby

SILVER-BEAKED TANAGER Ramphocelus carbo
Common throughout

SAYACA TANAGER Thraupis sayaca
A few at Los Fierros, mostly at the edge of the pampa, and a few at Flor de Oro around the lodge

PALM TANAGER Thraupis palmarum
Seen in small numbers, including at Huanchaca II where it visited streamside palms throughout the grassland area; perhaps commonest around Flor de Oro lodge (T)

PURPLE-THROATED EUPHONIA Euphonia chlorotica
Common at all sites, including Huanchaca II (T)

WHITE-LORED EUPHONIA Euphonia chrysopasta
Seemed common by voice (3-6 heard daily) at El Encanto and La Laja; only encountered c.4 times in total at Los Fierros and Lago Caiman (T)

THICK-BILLED EUPHONIA Euphonia laniirostris
Seen or heard only at El Encanto and Lago Caiman (one individual each), but may have been overlooked

WHITE-VENTED EUPHONIA Euphonia minuta
Males were seen three times, twice with canopy flocks beyond the end of the airstrip on the road to La Florida from Los Fierros, and once with a canopy flock in forest below La Laja

RUFOUS-BELLIED EUPHONIA Euphonia rufiventris
Usually heard 1-3 times daily at Los Fierros, El Encanto and La Laja, mostly with canopy flocks; also heard once at Lago Caiman (T)

BURNISHED-BUFF TANAGER Tangara cayana
A pair seen at Huanchaca II, and several pairs seen around Flor de Oro

PARADISE TANAGER Tangara chilensis
Common at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja and Huanchaca II (c.30 seen or heard daily) (T)

BLUE-NECKED TANAGER Tangara cyanicollis
Small numbers seen (c.10 per site) at El Encanto, La Laja and Huanchaca II

BAY-HEADED TANAGER Tangara gyrola
Scarce, but seen at all forested sites, including Huanchaca II but not at Lago Caiman (simply because we rarely had time to look up)

TURQUOISE TANAGER Tangara mexicana
Common in forest at all sites except Huanchaca II where small numbers seen only

MASKED TANAGER Tangara nigrocincta
Seen at El Encanto on a few occasions, and a pair were seen at Huanchaca II

BLUE DACNIS Dacnis cayana
Small numbers seen at Los Fierros (c.15), El Encanto (c.10), La Laja (c.3), Huanchaca II (2) and Lago Caiman (1)

BLACK-FACED DACNIS Dacnis lineata
A few seen regularly at all forest sites except Lago Caiman; only a single female seen well at Huanchaca II

GREEN HONEYCREEPER Chlorophanes spiza
Seen regularly in small numbers at El Encanto and La Laja; 2-3 also seen at Huanchaca II

RED-LEGGED HONEYCREEPER Cyanerpes cyaneus
Quite commonly encountered in tall semi-evergreen forest or lower stature deciduous forest at Los Fierros, El Encanto, La Laja, Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman; about 15 birds seen in total (T)

SWALLOW-TANAGER Tersina viridis
A few seen at Los Fierros with canopy flocks; one flock of c.15 found at Huanchaca II

TROPICAL PARULA Parula pitiayumi
Only two seen at Los Fierros

GOLDEN-CROWNED WARBLER Basileuterus culicivorus
Common at Huanchaca II, and regularly seen and heard in small numbers in deciduous forest near the foot of the meseta at El Encanto and La Laja (T)

BUFF-RUMPED WARBLER Basileuterus fulvicauda
Only seen and heard on streams at El Encanto and La Laja (T)

ROSE-BREASTED CHAT Granatellus pelzelni
One male heard and taped in on the road between Los Fierros lodge and the pampa, another heard on the airstrip trail, and another at Lago Caiman, but in general hard to come by (T)

BANANAQUIT Coereba flaveola
Several at Huanchaca II, and regularly seen and heard at Flor de Oro (T)

RUFOUS-BROWED PEPPERSHRIKE Cyclarhis gujanensis
Seen and heard at all forested sites, commonest in more deciduous forest or edge habitats (T)

RED-EYED VIREO Vireo olivaceus
Regularly seen or heard in canopy flocks at all forested sites; birds in song scarce at Los Fierros, much commoner in deciduous forest at the foot of the meseta at El Encanto and La Laja, and in the forest fragment at Huanchaca II; only heard once at Lago Caiman (T)

BUFF-CHEEKED GREENLET Hylophilus muscicapinus
Common (6-20 seen or heard daily) in canopy flocks at Los Fierros, El Encanto and La Laja; seemed absent from Huanchaca II and only one heard at Lago Caiman (T)

ASHY-HEADED GREENLET Hylophilus pectoralis
Heard once overy 2-3 days at Los Fierros (seemed fairly common several kilometres down the road to La Florida), heard c.5 times at Huanchaca II, and heard once at Lago Caiman; took lots of effort to see (T)

GREY-CHESTED GREENLET Hylophilus semicinereus
Fairly common at El Encanto and La Laja where present in most canopy flocks in tall semi-evergreen forest; took even more effort to see than the previous species as it tends to remain in upper canopy and usually responds to playback by rising to treetops and singing from a single perch (T)

EPAULET ORIOLE Icterus cayanensis
Heard twice at El Encanto and 2-3 seen and heard at Lago Caiman

TROUPIAL Icterus icterus
Two birds heard at Piso Firme, one later seen

OLIVE OROPENDOLA Psarocolius yuracares
Seen or heard commonly at all forested sites (T)

CRESTED OROPENDOLA Psarocolius decumanus
Single birds seen twice only at Los Fierros, and once at Piso Firme

YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE Cacicus cela
Seen or heard at Los Fierros (infrequently), Flor de Oro and Lago Caiman; colonies found at the latter two sites (T)

RED-RUMPED CACIQUE Cacicus haemorrhous
Regularly seen or heard in small numbers at Los Fierros (c.20), El Encanto (c.15) and Lago Caiman (c.3) (T)

SHINY COWBIRD Molothrus bonariensis
2-3 flying around at Flor de Oro

GIANT COWBIRD Molothrus oryzivora
Common (regularly c.50 birds) around the lodge at Los Fierros and c.10 seen at Piso Firme (T)

CURL-CRESTED JAY Cyanocorax cristatellus
1-5 regularly seen near or in the forest fragment at Huanchaca II, and occasionally far out into open grassland with very few bushes (T)

Why not send us a report, or an update to one of your current reports?

Back to top	Back to Birdtours.co.uk
	Recommended Books, Worldbirder.com